Introduction to pedagogy and learning theories
Theoretical perspective in teaching and learning: An overview
Pedagogy is the art, science or profession of teaching, theword
pedagogy is originated from Greek word “Paidagogos”, which “paid” is translated
as child and “agogos” is translated as leader (slave who took child to school).
Also pedagogy can be defined as exploration of effective teaching and learning
theories.
Using pedagogy in learning sessions a teacher can bring the ability
of creativity and imagination, which influences a group of learners to focus, retain
and maintain their attention, imagination and creativity on the learning
contents. Moreover this influence the learners desire to investigate, discover,
discuss and reflect on their findings.Most forms of formal teaching uses
pedagogy in several ways, whether knowing it or not. It’s true that teachers
create lesson plans before the lessons and always enters the classroom with
theories or ideas on how to teach best, they decide the material to be used and
these principles underlies to inform their actions and subject in teaching
settings.
The modern societies has created various number of arguments on
what learning theory to be used when expanding the education to almost all the
people, what subjects should be taught, and how teachers should behave in front
of the students to instruct them. Most of the teachers now days have clear
sense of idea what their pedagogy are, believing the theories which are the
most accurate and relevant to the purpose as actions in a class focuses through
learning and practice.
A teacher always has a pedagogy, which is clearly defined or not,
but it’s worth enough to define the pedagogy, because producing different types
of teaching and learning with more conscious sense of underlying methods will
help the instructors to refine these methods to be more effective in their
work.Sometimes teachers are advised to cover certain materials based on country
and state of standards.ie National curriculum framework. These are the
standards students should achieve during their educational process (mentally,
physically, and spiritually). In order achieve these pedagogical ideas are used
to select, choose the most important subjects for children to learn.
In this article I will highlight on the most common learning
theories used by teachers and how pedagogy is used in these theories.The
theories are behaviorism, constructivism, cognitive theory, motivational theory
and social stimulated theory, etc.
Behaviorism mainly focuses on the behavior modification through
stimulus-response pairs with trial and error learning, as learning is done
through association and reinforcement. In this theory pedagogical focus is on control
and adaptive responses which focuses on observable outcomes.
Cognitive theory focuses on internal cognitive structures which
views learning as transformations of these cognitive structures through human
development. In this theory the pedagogical focus is on the processing and
transmission of information through communication, explanation, recombination,
contrast, inference and problem solving. Also this theory allows designing the
sequences of conceptual material which builds on existing information structures.
Constructivism focuses on the process, which learners build their
own mental structures while interacting with an environment. In this theory,
the pedagogical focus is task oriented as it favors hands-on, self-directed
activities oriented towards design and discovery. Mostly this theory is useful
for structured learning environments which constructs conceptual structures
through engagement in self-directed tasks.
Social situated learning theory takes social interactions as
important and learning as a social participation as it emphasis on
interpersonal relationships involving imitation and modeling. Also it uses
language as a tool for learning, which has the functionality as a communicative
or cultural tool used for sharing and jointly developing knowledge, and also
has the functionality as a psychological tool for organizing our individual
thoughts, for reasoning, planning and reviewing our actions.
References
Jephias Mapuva, J. S. (2010, December). Blogs,
Wikis, Podcasts: . Retrieved February 27, 2013, from
http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Dec_10/article01.htm
Rusbult, C. (2007). Teaching
Strategies for Effective Instruction. Retrieved February 28, 2013, from
http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/teach/active.htm
what is pedagogy? (2012). Retrieved February 26, 2013, from infed:
http://www.infed.org/whatis/what_is_pedagogy.html
Woolfolk, A. (2004). Educational
Psychology. Pearson Education,Inc.
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